An Overview of Sanctuary Cities

While the term has no specific legal definition, a â€Å"sanctuary city† in the United States is a city or county in which undocumented immigrants are protected from deportation or prosecution for violations of U.S. federal immigration laws. In both a legal and practical sense, â€Å"sanctuary city† is a rather vague and informal term. It can, for example, indicate that the city has actually enacted laws that restrict what their police and other employees are allowed to do during encounters with undocumented immigrants. On the other hand, the term has also been applied to cities like Houston, Texas, which calls itself a â€Å"welcoming city† to undocumented immigrants but have no specific laws regarding enforcement of federal immigration laws.   In an example of a states’ rights conflict arising from the U.S. system of federalism, sanctuary cities refuse to use any local funds or police resources to enforce the national government’s immigration laws. Police or other municipal employees in sanctuary cities are not allowed to ask a person about their immigration, naturalization, or citizenship status for any reason. In addition, sanctuary city policies forbid police and other city employees from notifying federal immigration enforcement officers of the presence of undocumented immigrants living in or passing through the community. Due to its limited resources and the scope of the immigration enforcement job, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) must rely on local police to help enforce federal immigration laws. However, federal law does not require local police to locate and detain undocumented immigrants just because ICE requests they do so. Sanctuary city policies and practices may be established by local laws, ordinances or resolutions, or simply by practice or custom. In September 2015, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency estimated that about 300 jurisdictions—cities and counties—nationwide had sanctuary city laws or practices. Examples of large U.S. cities with sanctuary laws or practices include San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Boston, Detroit, Seattle, and Miami. U.S. â€Å"sanctuary cities† should not be confused with â€Å"cities of sanctuary† in the United Kingdom and Ireland that apply local policies of welcoming and encouraging the presence of refugees, asylum seekers, and others seeking safety from political or religious persecution in  their countries of origin. Brief History of Sanctuary Cities The concept of sanctuary cities is far from new. The Old Testament’s Book of Numbers speaks of six cities in which persons who had committed murder or manslaughter were allowed to claim asylum. From 600 CE until 1621 C.E., all churches in England were allowed to grant sanctuary to criminals and some cities were designated as criminal and political sanctuaries by Royal charter.   In the United States, cities and counties began adopting immigrant sanctuary policies in the late 1970s. In 1979, the Los Angeles police department adopted an internal policy known as â€Å"Special Order 40,† which stated, Officers shall not initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person. Officers shall not arrest nor book persons for violation of title 8, section 1325 of the United States Immigration code (Illegal Entry).† Political and Legislative Actions on Sanctuary Cities As the number of sanctuary cities grew over the next two decades, both the federal and state governments began taking legislative actions to require full enforcement of federal immigration laws.   On September 30, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressing the relationship between the federal government and local governments. The law focuses on illegal immigration reform and includes some of the toughest measures ever taken against illegal immigration. Aspects considered in the law include border enforcement, penalties for alien smuggling and document fraud, deportation and exclusion proceedings, employer sanctions, welfare provisions, and changes to existing refugee and asylum procedures. In addition, the law prohibits cities from banning municipal workers for reporting persons immigration status to federal authorities. A section of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 allows local police agencies to obtain training in the  enforcement of federal immigration laws. However, it fails to provide state and local law enforcement agencies with any general powers for immigration enforcement. Some States Oppose Sanctuary Cities Even in some states housing sanctuary or sanctuary-like cities and counties, legislatures and governors have taken steps to ban them.In May 2009, Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue signed state Senate Bill 269, a law prohibiting Georgia cities and counties from adopting sanctuary city policies. In June 2009, Tennessee’s Governor Phil Bredesen signed state Senate Bill 1310 banning local governments from enacting sanctuary city ordinances or policies. In June 2011, Texas Governor Rick Perry called a special session of the state legislature to consider state Senate Bill 9, a proposed law banning sanctuary cities. While public hearings on the bill were held before the Texas Senate’s Transportation and Homeland Security Committee, it was never considered by the full Texas legislature. In January 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott threatened to oust any local officials who promoted sanctuary city laws or policies. â€Å"We are working on laws that will ... ban sanctuary cities [and] remove from office any officer-holder who promotes sanctuary cities,† stated Gov. Abbott. President Trump Takes Action On January 25, 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled â€Å"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,† which, in part, directed the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to withhold funding in the form of federal grants from sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. Specifically, Section 8 (a) of the executive order states, â€Å"In furtherance of this policy, the Attorney General and the Secretary, in their discretion and to the extent consistent with law, shall ensure that jurisdictions that willfully refuse to comply with 8 U.S.C. 1373 (sanctuary jurisdictions) are not eligible to receive Federal grants, except as deemed necessary for law enforcement purposes by the Attorney General or the Secretary.† In addition, the order directed the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include â€Å"a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens.† Sanctuary Jurisdictions Dig In Sanctuary jurisdictions wasted no time in reacting to President Trump’s action. In his State of the State address, California’s Governor Jerry Brown vowed to defy President Trump’s action. â€Å"I recognize that under the Constitution, federal law is supreme and that Washington determines immigration policy,† stated Gov. Brown. â€Å"But as a state, we can and have had a role to play †¦ And let me be clear: we will defend everybody - every man, woman, and child - who has come here for a better life and has contributed to the well-being of our state.† Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel has pledged $1 million in city funds to create a legal defense fund for immigrants threatened with prosecution due to President Trump’s order. â€Å"Chicago has in the past been a sanctuary city. ... It always will be a sanctuary city,† said the mayor. On January 27, 2017, Salt Lake City Mayor Ben McAdams stated he would refuse to enforce President Trump’s order. â€Å"There has been fear and uncertainty among our refugee population the last few days,† McAdams said. â€Å"We want to reassure them that we love them and their presence is an important part of our identity. Their presence makes us better, stronger and richer.† In Tragic 2015 Shooting, Sanctuary Cities Stir Debate The tragic July 1, 2015 shooting death of Kate Steinle thrust sanctuary city laws into the center of controversy. While visiting San Francisco’s Pier 14, the 32-year old Steinle was killed by a single bullet fired from a pistol admittedly held at the time by Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, an undocumented immigrant. Garcia Zarate, a citizen of Mexico, had been deported several times and had been convicted for illegal re-entry into the United States. Days before the shooting, he had been released from a San Francisco jail after a minor drug charge against him was dismissed. Although U.S. immigration officials had issued an order that police detain him, Garcia Zarate was released him under San Francisco’s sanctuary city laws. The uproar over sanctuary cities grew on December 1, 2017, when a jury acquitted Garcia Zarate of charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, finding him guilty only of illegally possessing a fire arm. In his trial, Garcia Zarate claimed he had just found the gun and that the shooting of Steinle had been an accident. In acquitting him, the jury found reasonable doubt in Garcia Zarate’s accidental shooting claim, and under the Constitution’s guarantee of â€Å"due process of law,† guarantee, his criminal record, history of prior convictions, and immigration status were not allowed to be presented as evidence against him.   Critics of permissive immigration laws reacted to the case by complaining that sanctuary city laws too often allow dangerous, criminal illegal immigrants to remain on the streets.

Essay On Animal Rights - 7500 Words

Jazmin Lopez Advanced composition Mrs.Nellon 2 October, 2017 The Fight for Animal Rights There is a problem that plagues America, a problem which you are the judge, in which you decide whether to give the helpless victims a life or pain and misery or provide them with a long happy life. This problem is animal cruelty. Animal cruelty as many of us know is the mistreatment of the animals, and can also be categorized as animal abuse or animal neglect. But what most of us don’t know is just how common animal cruelty takes place and affects our life, what the animals need to endure to bring us our daily necessities and how we can help put an end to this atrocity. So it is time that we wake up and get informed of all the problems that lurk in†¦show more content†¦There are many different topics that come to mind when discussing animal cruelty but as far right now we will go a bit into depth about the controversy over animal testing. The first thing that come to mind when the word animal testing is spoken is a cute fluffy animal being subjected to experimentation by brooding people in white lab coats which to some extent isn’t necessarily wrong, but it isn’t as black and white as we may all picture it to be, but even if that were true it doesn’t validate animal testing in the slightest. Unaware animals should not have to face being uncomfortable and in any form of pain for the benefit of us advancing as a society. And for those of you who still might not see the injustice that lies within animal testing, it might help if i provide you with an example, so imagine a small helpless child that can’t speak and then imagine a much larger child, who can easily overpower the smaller child. Just because the larger child, or us as humans have the power to overpower the smaller child, or in this case animals, doesn’t mean that we should do it. 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I think that animals shouldRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1331 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Rights nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever since The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in England in 1824 was formed there has been long running debates on the topic of animal rights. The first societies were formed to protect and maintain human treatment of work animals, such as cattle, horses and house hold pets. Towards the end of the 19th century more organizations were formed, this time to protest the use of animals in scientific experimentation. In today’s society groups

Fuzzy Mixed Integer Programming for Marketing Planning

Question: Describe about A fuzzy mixed integer programming for marketing planning? Answer: Introduction Mackert (2012) commented on the fact that marketing plan can be defined as a blueprint that outlines the marketing efforts of an organization (Vos and Brennan, 2010). This includes the marketing strategies and the marketing mix that will help the organization in gaining a competitive position in this highly competitive market. In addition to this, according to Taghian (2010) the marketing aims and objectives are so jotted down that will help in understanding the present market situation. This assignment describes the SWOT analysis, STP, marketing strategy along with marketing programs and controlling matrices of Lazlo Vitamins Pty Ltd. The company was established in 1986 in Adelaide that sells vitamins and nutritional supplements all through South Australia. Current Marketing Situation After the establishment of Lazlo, the demand of the products was growing in a rapid pace. Lazlo sold nearly 2000000 products every year (Kavle et al. 2012). The sales of Vitamin supplements that consisted of vitamin A, B, C and E covered up nearly three quarters and the remaining portion consisted of herbal remedies (Vos and Brennan, 2010). In 2012, Lazlo had spent 45,000 on advertisements and sometimes places advertisements either on morning radio and Football League team (Slater et al. 2010). By 2013, Lazlo sold $ 600000 annually to approx to 10 stores. With the high rate of increasing fat among the people of Australia, the sales of this organization are also increasing. This is because; the vitamin sales are more than 4.9% of the volume terms (Noy, 2010). SWOT Analysis According to Danaei et al. (2014), SWOT analysis is the acronym of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat. The Strength of the company is that the company sells products to the Australian people since they are in love with the love pills that increased the sales volume to a maximum extent (Vos and Brennan, 2010). The modern products that came into the market in 2013 also added strength to the company that helped in increasing the sales of the company. Moreover, Kashif et al. (2015) had an opinion that the low cholesterol medicines sold by the company also was a big hit. The strong completion from the Health-EE and Blackstone are the main weakness. This is because these companies sells their products through the supermarkets and have huge pharmacy chains The advertisements endorsed by these companies also increases the customer data base and it also increases the increase in sales of the organization (Lange, 2010). Das (2014) commented on the fact that the opportunities of this company are its loyal customers as well as its launching of new products for the customers. The threat of Lazlo is that it helps in locally launching the product in 2013 that didnt go well since the cost of $175000 was required for packaging, adjusting as well as sourcing the raw materials (Vos and Brennan, 2010). STP for representing the brand According to Kashif et al. (2015), Lazlo segmented the organization on the basis of the products that are aimed for the customers of different ages. These ages are mainly focused due to their different needs and requirements. The low cholesterol medicines are focused to the people those suffering from diabetes. The vitamin supplementary medicines are focused to those people that are suffering from obesity (Vos and Brennan, 2010). The medicines that are prepared by the company are targeted to the people facing several problems like diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity etc. In addition to this, Danaei et al. (2014) had commented that for a proper positioning of the brand among the people launced the products that are in great demand among the people. The company believed in less advertisements and endorsements and preferred introduction of more products into the market. Marketing Strategy Kavle et al. (2012) had an opinion that Lazlo has a strong marketing strategy that the company follows for reaching a position that it has reached today. The launches of mineral supplements, vitamins, herbal remedies are a bug hit in Australia since they are very much popular among the Australians. Again, Taghian (2010) commented on the very fact that the low cholesterol pills were also a hit among the Australians. The marketing strategies are so made on the demands of the customer and are totally centered to the customer requirements and needs (Noy, 2010). Marketing Program According to Das (2014), the marketing program is the process that helps in developing the brand strategy that leads to the implications as well as emergence of sales growth. Marketing program of Lazlo are so held that it helps in having a well depth knowledge regarding the current market scenario as well as market strategy that are needed for market analysis. From the view point of Lange (2010), the marketing program is so made that helps in giving a critical contribution to the company. The marketing program are so made that it is totally customer centric and competitive in their approach. This also helps in creating customer value as well as making the strategies according to the present market scenario (Vos and Brennan, 2010). Control and Matrices In order to track how the plan is progressing, Lazlo needs to implement certain key performance indicators (KPI) (Vos and Brennan, 2010). Assessment of the KPI will help the organization to keep the plan on track. Below are the details of the KPIs that need to use: Tracking sales figure monthly basis; Tracking cost per lead; Customer value; Inbound marketing ROI; Sales qualified leads; Sales accepted leads; Market share: Lazlo had 7% market share of the SA vitamin and mineral/herbal supplement market; National Pharmacies and IGA, to two customers of Lazlo, both in SA, comprised 80% of Lazlo's total sales; Average: In 2013, National Pharmacies bought $1,600,000 worth from Lazlo; In 2013, IGA bought $800,000; Lazlos sales to independent health food retailers (bricks and mortar) stores in SA totaled an additional $600,000 annually; So, the average sales per annum of Lazlo are $1,000,000. Competition: Health-EE, Switz and Blackstone are the main competitor of Lazlo; Health-EE, Switz and Blackstone sell a wide variety of vitamin and mineral products, primarily for brands with national recognition and wide range; The grocery industry in Australia had been abuzz with the conflicts in play between these two big retailers and their suppliers of branded products in categories like milk, bread and soft drink, as they placed pressure on price levels and reduced their numbers of manufacturer brands for private label brands; Health-EE offered a wide range of around 40 products including all vitamins from A seemingly to Z, including Vitamin M or Folate which was linked to desirable health outcomes for pregnancy; as well as products such as Selenium, believed to aid sleep. Blackstone had current sales levels of approximately one hundred and ten million dollars around the country. Switz had vaulted from being a small brand to virtually market leader by over-investing in mass media advertising. Recommendation: Lazlo initially have not gone for any kind of advertisements and endorsements as a marketing strategy but rather has launched new and innovative pills for the customers. So, it requires to incorporate advertise and endorsement strategy to enhance its market share; Lazlo needs to launch its own cholesterol-reducing product for the health conscious people; As mentioned in the case study, Lazlo should enter into the cosmetics industry through product diversification; Conclusion This assignment is totally focused on the Lazlos marketing plan that it has adopted for creating value among the people of Australia. This is so created for the company in understanding its current position as well as to understand the competitors position and problem. Moreover, the assignment has understood the marketing strategies, the marketing programs, STP etc. for having an effective market strategy. References Danaei, A., Hemmati, M. and Naseri Kohneshahri, G. (2014). A fuzzy mixed integer programming for marketing planning. 10.5267/j.msl, pp.493-496. Das, G. (2014). Store personality and consumer store choice behaviour: an empirical examination. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 32(3), pp.375-394. Kashif, M., Sarifuddin, S. and Hassan, A. (2015). Charity donation: intentions and behaviour. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 33(1), pp.90-102. Kavle, J., Eber, M. and Lundgren, R. (2012). The Potential for Social Marketing a Knowledge-Based Family Planning Method. Social Marketing Quarterly, 18(2), pp.152-166. Lange, C. (2010). Visibility and involvement in effective arts marketing. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 28(5), pp.650-668. Mackert, M. (2012). Account Planning: Applying an Advertising Discipline to Health Communication and Social Marketing. Health Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), pp.270-282. Noy, E. (2010). Niche strategy: merging economic and marketing theories with population ecology arguments. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 18(1), pp.77-86. Slater, S., Hult, G. and Olson, E. (2010). Factors influencing the relative importance of marketing strategy creativity and marketing strategy implementation effectiveness. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(4), pp.551-559. Taghian, M. (2010). Marketing planning: Operationalising the market orientation strategy. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9-10), pp.825-841. Vos, L. and Brennan, R. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine: shaping a marketing research agenda. Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 28(3), pp.349-364.